68000 Assembly programming for the Sharp x68000 (x68k)

The X68000 is the Japanese exclusive PC type computer... with hardware virtually identical to the Capcom CPS hardware, it has great arcade ports, to the extent that many arcade games were developed on it!

Released in 1987, it had hardware sprites and FM sound long before the IBM PC, however it's DOS-like Human68k is easy for someone used to the PC to pick up.

The X6800 is instantly recognizable by it's 'Twin Tower' (Manhattan) design, unfortunately, its continuing popularity means it's expensive to buy, and it's power supply is prone to failure... it also needs a special keyboard and mouse - and cannot use PS2, which adds to the cost of ownership... it can however use MSX joypads!

Lets take a look at the X68000 specs!

Specs:

	x68000 base model
Cpu	10mhz
Ram	1MB
Vram	1MB
Resolution	768x512... 512x512... 256,256
Bitmap planes	4 @ 512x512 16 color
Max Sprites	128 sprites 16 color (16x16 px 32 per line)
Sound chip	FM (YM2151) + ADPCM

ChibiAkumas Tutorials

	Lesson P1 - Bitmap Functions on the X68000
	Lesson P7 - Joystick Reading on the X68000
	Lesson P13 - Palette definitions on the X68000
	Lesson P18 - Sound on the X68000
	Lesson P24 - Hardware Sprites on the X68000

Documentation
GamesX - Great source of English x68000 info
X68000 technical data book - It's in Japanese, but I've needed it many times in my programming, so what can you do?

YM2151 details - Full details on the X68000 FM sound Chip

Hello World for the X68000

We can build Hello World with VASM, or the official assembler.

If we build with VASM we should output in binary, and add our own Xfile header so we can run the program

the Sharp/Hudson assembler and linker will output a complete xfile for us!

VASM version	Sharp/Hudson x68 assembler
pea mes ;Push message addres dc.w $ff09 ;show string addq.l #4,SP ;skip over pushed message dc.w $FF00 ;return mes: dc.b 'Hello World',$0D,$0A,0	pea mes .dc.w $ff09 addq.l #4,sp .dc.w $ff00 mes: .dc.b 'hello',$0d,$0a,0

Setting Graphics Modes
Rather than using system calls, We can select a graphics mode by writing the correct values to registers $e80000-$e8002e
Here are some sample values for a 16 color screen ... you will need to change the values in the dark section if you want 256 colors.

	High Resolution				Low Resolution
RegNum	768x512	512x512	512x256	256x256	512x512	512x256	256x256	Register Purpose
E80000	$89	$5B	$5B	$2B	$4B	$4B	$25	R00 Horizontal total
E80002	$0E	$09	$09	$04	$03	$03	$01	R01 Horizontal synchronization end position timing
E80004	$1C	$11	$11	$06	$04	$05	$00	R02 Horizontal display start position
E80006	$7C	$51	$51	$26	$45	$45	$20	R03 Horizontal display end position
E80008	$237	$237	$237	$237	$103	$103	$103	R04 Vertical total
E8000A	$05	$05	$05	$05	$02	$02	$02	R05 Vertical synchronization end position timing
E8000C	$28	$28	$28	$28	$10	$10	$10	R06 Vertical display start position
E8000E	$228	$228	$228	$228	$100	$100	$100	R07 Vertical display end position
E80010	$1B	$1B	$1B	$1B	$2C	$2C	$24	R08 External synchronization horizontal adjust: Horizontal position tuning
E80028	$416	$415	$411	$410	$05	$01	$00	R20 Memory mode/Display mode control
E82400	$04	$04	$04	$04	$00	$00	$00	R0 (Screen mode initialization) - Detail
E82500	$2E4	$2E4	$2E4	$2E4	$2E4	$2E4	$2E4	R1 (Priority control) - Priority (Sprites foreground)
E82600	$DF	$DF	$DF	$DF	$C1	$C1	$C1	R2 (Special priority/screen display) - Screen On / Sprites On
EB0808	$200	$200	$200	$200	$200	$200	$200	BG Control (Sprites Visible, slow writing)
EB080A		$FF	$FF	$FF	$FF	$FF	$25	Sprite H Total
EB080C		$15	$15	$0A	$09	$09	$04	Sprite H Disp
EB080E		$28	$28	$28	$10	$10	$10	Sprite V Disp
EB0810		$15	$11	$10	$05	$01	$00	Sprite Res %---FVVHH

Palette Definitions

Graphics mode palettes are defined by the registers from $e82000... each takes 2 bytes, so color 0 is at $e82000, and color 1 is at $e82002... there are up to 256 depending on screen mode.

Each color is defined by 5 bits per channel in the format shown to the right

Text palettes are in the same format from $e82200 - there are 16

Sprite palettes are in the same format from $e82200 - there are 240

Joypad Reading

$E9A001 reads player 1, $E9A003 reads player 2

$E9A005 selects which buttons we're reading in

Address	Purpose	Bits	Notes
$E9A001	Joystick # 1		Data from Joy 1
$E9A003	Joystick # 2		Data from Joy 2
$E9A005	Joystick Control	--MM----	00 Select Normal / 11 alt keys

Depending on the bits we write to $E9A005, the data we get back from the two Joystick ports will either return the basic joystick buttons, or the extra buttons of a genesis joypad.

Byte written to $E9A005	Purpose	$E9A001 / $E9A003 Data Bits
%00000000	Basic Buttons	%-21-RLDU
%00110000	Extra Buttons	%-S3-M654

FM Sound - YM2151 Chip

For full details of the YM2151 can be found in the YM2151 PDF

The FM sound chip has 8 channels....
Each channel's sound can be built up with 4 different 'slots'... meaning there are a total of 32 slots... these slots are turned on or off when the sound is triggered

Setting a register is easy, we write the register number to $E90001 , then we write the 8 bit value to $E90003

For registers with 32 slots (eg $60 - volume) we can calculate the address of a channels slot with the formula:
Address = RegisterBase + 8*ChannelSlot + Channel

So if RegisterBase=$60 , ChannelSlot=3 and Channel=7 then we get $60+24+7

Setting a register on the X68000

move.b #$20,$E90001
move.b #%11000000,$E90003

YM2151 Registers
The YM2151 is controlled by 255 registers, that are summarized below:

Address	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0	Summary	Bit Meanings
$01	T	T	T	T	T	T	T	T	Test	T=Test
$08	-	S	S	S	S	C	C	C	Key On (Play Sound)	C=Channel S=Slot (C2 � M2 � C1 � M1)
$0F	E	-	-	F	F	F	F	F	Noise	E=noise enable F=Frequency (Noise only on Chn7 Slot32)
$10	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	CLKA1
$11	-	-	-	-	-	-	C	C	CLKA2
$12	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	CLKB
$14	C	-	F	F	I	I	L	L		C=CSM F=F-Reset I=IRQEN L=LOAD
$18	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	LFREQ
$19	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	PMD/AMD
$1B	D	C	-	-	-	-	W	W		D=Disk state C=CT (4mhz/8mhz) W=Waveform (0=Saw 1=Square,2=Tri, 3=Noise)
$20-$27	L	R	F	F	F	C	C	C	Chn0-7�	F=Feedback, C=Connection
$28-$2F	-	O	O	O	N	N	N	N	Chn0-7� KeyCode	O=Octave, N=Note
$30-$37	F	F	F	F	F	F	-	-	Chn0-7� Key Fraction	F=Fraction
$38-$3F	-	P	P	P	-	-	A	A	Chn0-7� PMS / AMS	P=PMS , A=AMS
$40-$5F	-	D	D	D	M	M	M	M	Slot1-32. Decay/Mult	D=Decay D1T, M=Mult
$60-$7F	-	V	V	V	V	V	V	V	Slot1-32. Volume	V=Volume (TL) (0=max)
$80-$9F	K	K	-	A	A	A	A	A	Slot1-32. Keyscale / Attack	K=Keycale, A=attack
$A0-$BF	A	-	-	D	D	D	D	D	Slot1-32. AMS / Decay	A=AMS-EN, D=Decay D1R
$C0-$DF	T	T	-	D	D	D	D	D	Slot1-32. DeTune / Decay	T=Detune DT2, D=Decay D2R
$E0-$FF	D	D	D	D	R	R	R	R	Slot1-32. Decay / Release	D=Decay D1L, R=Release Rate

Not all values for NNNN in the Octave in $28-$2F have a different note, the following are useful:

NNNN Value	0	1	2	4	5	6	8	9	10	12	13	14
Note	C#	D	D#	E	F	F#	G	G#	A	A#	B	C

Connection options for $20-$27 are shown below:

Vblank!

I had a lot of trouble finding documentation on how to wait for Vblank, so I though I'd mark it clearly here!

Vblank can be detected by the MFP (MC68901)... By testing memory address $e88001 - bit 4

The sample code I used for Grime68000 is shown to the right...

waitVBlank:
    move.w $e88000,d0
    and.w #%00010000,d0            ;Wait for vblank to start
    beq waitVBlank
waitVBlank2:

    move.w $e88000,d0
    and.w #%00010000,d0            ;Wait for Vblank to end
    bne waitVBlank2
    rts

Hardware Sprites - Initialization

We need to set up some registers to get our sprites working - otherwise they just won't show!

We have to set up our layering correctly, so the sprites are in the foreground, we do this by setting $E82500 to $2E4
We have to enable the sprite layer, we do this by setting $E82600 to $C1
We also need to set the "Background Control"... we're going to make the sprites visible, this slows down writing, but means we can change the sprites while showing them... we do this by writing $200 to $EB0808

We also need to set Registers $EB080A-$EB0810 to the values shown in the 'Setting Graphics Modes' Table

            move.w #%0000001000000000,$eB0808
;Disp/CPU 1=sprites on (slow writing)

            move.w #%0000001011100100,$e82500
;R1 (Priority control) - Priority

            move.w #%0000000011000001,$e82600
;R2 (Special priority/screen display) - Screen On - sprites on

            move.w #%0000001000000000,$eB0808
;Disp/CPU 1=sprites on (slow writing)

            move.w #$25,$EB080A        ; Sprite H Total
            move.w #$04,$EB080C        ; Sprite H Disp
            move.w #$10,$EB080E        ; Sprite V Disp
            move.w #$00,$EB0810        ; Sprite Res %---FVVHH

Sprite Settings
Each Sprite has 4 Words defining the settings of the sprite... these start at $EB0000 for sprite 0.... $EB0008 for sprite 1, through to $EB03F8 for sprite 127

Address	F	E	D	C	B	A	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
$EB0000	-	-	-	-	-	-	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X=Xpos (16 is far left)
$EB0002	-	-	-	-	-	-	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y=Ypos (16 is top)
$EB0004	V	H	-	-	C	C	C	C	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	V=Vflip, H=Hflip, C=color, S=sprite
$EB0006	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	P	P=Priority (00=off... 01=back... 11=front)

Sprite Bitmap Data Settings
Sprite bitmap data appears from address $EB8000 onwards, each sprite is 128 bytes...
Sprites are split into four 8x8 chunks, these are stored in 4 different memory addresses to make up the 16x16 sprite,

The byte data for these sprites uses 1 nibble for each pixel, and selects a color from the chosen palette for that pixel

Sprite Pixel Data:

Address

EB8000

Color

EB8002

Color

�

EBBFFE

Color

8x8 Chunk layout:

	16 pixels
16 pixels	TopLeft 1	TopRight 3
16 pixels	BottomLeft 2	BottomRight 4

8x8 chunks position in ram:

SpriteNum	8x8 chunk	Address
0	TopLeft	$EB8000
	BottomLeft	$EB8020
	TopRight	$EB8040
	BottomRight	$EB8060
1	TopLeft	$EB8080
	BottomLeft	$EB80A0
	TopRight	$EB80C0
	BottomRight	$EB80E0
2	TopLeft	$EB8100
	�
127	TopLeft	$EBBF80
	BottomLeft	$EBBFA0
	TopRight	$EBBFC0
	BottomRight	$EBBFE0

X68000 3D Shutter Glasses

The X68000 supports 3D shutter glasses via the external port... generic shutter glasses can be connected via a converter.

Unfortunately they don't seem to be supported by any available emulator!

The shutter glasses are controlled by bit 0/1 of port $E8E003... Writing 0 opens a lens, writing 1 closes a lens.

address	Bytes	Function	Bits
$E8E003	1 Byte (RW)	3D Shutter Glasses	%----T-LR

Mouse

The X68000 Mouse can be controlled via Trap #15 - the option is selected with the value in D0.

The operating system can show a cursor and even create a limited range (handy for games like DUNE 2), but the mouse cursor can be read with no cursor visible, and 'movement amounts' can be measured with $74 (handy for games like DOOM)

Trap #15 D0	Name	Function	Params	Returns	Notes
$70	_MS_INIT	Mouse Init
$71	_MS_CURON	Cursor On
$72	_MS_CUROF	Cursor Off
$73	_MS_STAT	Get Cursor Status		D0=status
$74	_MS_GETDT	Get Buttons + Move amount		D0=$XXYYLLRR
$75	_MS_CURGT	Get Cursor Pos		D0=$XXXXYYYY
$76	_MS_CURST	Set Cursor Pos	D1=$XXXXYYYY	D0=Success?
$77	_MS_LIMIT	Set Range Limits (X,Y)-(x,y)	D1=$XXXXYYYY D2=$xxxxyyyy
$78	_MS_OFFTM	Check time until mouse button was released	D1=Button (0/1=L/R) D2=Wait Time	D0=Drag/Wait
$79	_MS_ONTM	Time until mouse button pressed	D1=Button (0/1=L/R) D2=Wait Time	D0=Drag/Wait
$7A	_MS_PATST	Set Cursor Graphic	D1=PatternNum A1=Graphic Address		18 words� 1W: center pos X 1W: centercPos Y 16W: Shadow graphic 16W: Cusor Graphic
$7B	_MS_SEL	Select Cursor Graphic	D1=PatternNum
$7C	_MS_SEL2	Select Animated Cursor	A1=Graphic Address		Up to 6 words� Each is a cursor number -1=End
$7D	_SKEY_MOD	Show/Hide Soft Keyboard	D1=0/1/2/-1 (Off/On/Check/Auto) D2=$XXXXYYYY	D0=State

Bitmap Layer addresses (16 color mode)

Here are the addresses you need to write to for each layer!... Don't forget to turn the layers on with $e82600, and set the priority with $e82500!!!

Layer	VRAM base	Scroll-X	Scroll-Y
0	$c00000	$e80018	$e8001a
1	$c80000	$e8001c	$e8001e
2	$d00000	$e80020	$e80022
3	$d80000	$e80024	$e80026

Text Layer addresses (16 color)

Each pixel can be color 0-15... 4 bits per pixel... This data is split into bitplanes, meaning all the 'bit 0's of the pixels are stored together, as are bit 1's , 2's and 3's

Bit 0's are at $E00000, Bit 1's are at $E20000 and so on.

Address	Bitplane
$E00000	0
$E20000	1
$E40000	2
$E60000	3

Palette: $E82200-$E8221E (%GGGGGRRRRRBBBBBT T=Transparent) (Same as Sprite Palette 0)

Scroll-X: $E80014
Scroll-Y: $E80016

Don't forget to turn the layers on with $E82600, and set the priority with $E82500!!!

Memory Map and Hardware Registers

address	vector	Function
$000000	$00	SSP after reset
$000004	$01	PC after reset
$000008	$02	Bus error
$00000c	$03	Address error
$000010	$04	Unknown instruction
$000014	$05	Division by 0
$000018	$06	CHK instruction
$00001c	$07	TRAPV instruction, FTRAPcc instruction
$000020	$08	Privilege violation
$000024	$09	Trace exception
$000028	$0a	Unsupported instruction line 1010 emulator (SX call)
$00002c	$0b	? line 1111 emulator (DOS call, floating point operation)
$000030	$0c	Unused
$000034	$0d	FPU ?????????????????
$000038	$0e	? ?????????????
$000034	$0d	FPU Protocol violation exception handling
$000038	$0e ''	Formatting error exception handling
$00003c	$0f	Uninitialized Interrupt
$000040	$10	Unused
$000044	$11	?
$000048	$12	?
$00004c	$13	?
$000050	$14	?
$000054	$15	?
$000058	$16	?
$00005c	$17	?
$000060	$18	Spurious Interrupt
$000064	$19	Level 1 Interrupt (auto vector)
$000068	$1a	?
$00006c	$1b	?
$000070	$1c	?
$000074	$1d	?
$000078	$1e	?
$00007c	$1f	?
$000080	$20	trap #0
$000084	$21	? #1
$000088	$22	? #2
$00008c	$23	? #3
$000090	$24	? #4
$000094	$25	? #5
$000098	$26	? #6
$00009c	$27	? #7
$0000a0	$28	? #8 (reserved for system)
$0000a4	$29	? #9 (OS debugger)
$0000a8	$2a	? #10 (reset & power off)
$0000ac	$2b	? #11 (BREAK key)
$0000b0	$2c	? #12 (COPY key)
$0000b4	$2d	? #13 (CTRL+C)
$0000b8	$2e	? #14 (error processing)
$0000bc	$2f	? #15 (IOCS call)
$0000c0	$30	FPU BSUN
$0000c0	$30	FPU BSUN
$0000c4	$31	? INEX1,INEX2
$0000c8	$32	? DZ
$0000cc	$33	? UNFL
$0000d0	$34	? OPERR
$0000d4	$35	? OVFL
$0000d8	$36	? SNAN
$0000dc	$37	???
$0000dc	$37	Unused
$0000e0	$38	MMU
$0000e4	$39	?
$0000e8	$3a	?
$0000ec	$3b	Unused
$0000fc	$3f	Unused
$000100	$40	MFP RTC Alarm/1Hz
$000104	$41	MFP External power OFF
$000118	$42	MFP Front switch OFF
$00010c	$43	MFP FM Audio source
$000110	$44	MFP Timer-D (Used with BG processing)
$000114	$45	MFP Timer-C (Mouse/cursor/FDD control, etc.)
$000118	$46	MFP V-DISP
$00011c	$47	MFP RTC Clock
$000120	$48	MFP Timer-B
$000124	$49	MFP Key serial output error
$000128	$4a	MFP Key serial output empty
$00012c	$4b	MFP Key serial input error
$000130	$4c	MFP Key serial input
$000134	$4d	MFP Timer-A
$000138	$4e	MFP CRTC*IRQ
$00013c	$4f	MFP H-SYNC
$000140	$50	SCC(B) Transmission buffer empty
$000144	$51	SCC(B) ''
$000148	$52	SCC(B) External/status changes
$00014c	$53	SCC(B) ''
$000150	$54	SCC(B) Incoming character validity (Mouse 1 byte input)
$000154	$55	SCC(B) ''
$000158	$56	SCC(B) Special Rx condition
$00015c	$57	SCC(B) ''
$000160	$58	SCC(A) Transmission buffer empty
$000164	$59	SCC(A) ''
$000168	$5a	SCC(A) External status changes
$00016c	$5b	SCC(A) ''
$000170	$5c	SCC(A) Incoming character validity (RS-232C 1 byte input)
$000174	$5d	SCC(A) ''
$000178	$5e	SCC(A) Special Rx Condition
$00017c	$5f	SCC(A) ''
$000180	$60	I/O FDC status interruption
$000184	$61	I/O FDC insertion/discharge interruption
$000188	$62	I/O HDC status interruption
$00018c	$63	I/O Printer ready interruption
$000190	$64	DMAC #0 End (FDD)
$000194	$65	DMAC #0 Error ('')
$000198	$66	DMAC #1 End (SASI)
$00019c	$67	DMAC #1 Error ('')
$0001a0	$68	DMAC #2 End (IOCS _DMAMOVE,_DMAMOV_A,_DMAMOV_L)
$0001a4	$69	DMAC #2 Error ('')
$0001a8	$6a	DMAC #3 End (ADPCM)
$0001ac	$6b	DMAC #3 Error ('')
$000200	$6c	SPC SCSI interruption (Internal SCSI)
$000204	$6d	Unused
$0003d4	$f5	Unused
$0003d8	$f6	SPC SCSI interruption (SCSI board)
$0003dc	$f7	Unused
$0003fc	$ff	Unused
0x000000		RAM area
$c00000		Graphics Vram � Page 0
$c80000		Graphics Vram � Page 1 (256/16 color only)
$d00000		Graphics Vram � Page 2 (16 color only)
$d80000		Graphics Vram � Page 3 (16 color only)
$e00000		Text Vram � Bitplane 0
$e20000		Text Vram � Bitplane 1
$e40000		Text Vram � Bitplane 2
$e60000		Text Vram � Bitplane 3
$e80000	1.w	R00 Horizontal total
$e80002	1.w	R01 Horizontal synchronization end position timing
$e80004	1.w	R02 Horizontal display start position
$e80006	1.w	R03 Horizontal display end position
$e80008	1.w	R04 Vertical total
$e8000a	1.w	R05 Vertical synchronization end position timing
$e8000c	1.w	R06 Vertical display start position
$e8000e	1.w	R07 Vertical display end position
$e80010	1.w	R08 External synchronization horizontal adjust: Horizontal position tuning
$e80012	1.w	R09 Raster number: Used for raster interruption
$e80014	1.w	R10 Text Screen X coordinate
$e80016	1.w	R11 Text Screen Y coordinate
$e80018	1.w	R12 Graphics screen Scroll X0
$e8001a	1.w	R13 Graphics screen Scroll Y0
$e8001c	1.w	R14 Graphics screen Scroll X1
$e8001e	1.w	R15 Graphics screen Scroll Y1
$e80020	1.w	R16 Graphics screen Scroll X2
$e80022	1.w	R17 Graphics screen Scroll Y2
$e80024	1.w	R18 Graphics screen Scroll X3
$e80026	1.w	R19 Graphics screen Scroll Y3
$e80028	1.w	R20 Memory mode/Display mode control
$e8002a	1.w	R21 Simultaneous access/Raster copy/Quick clear plane select
$e8002c	1.w	R22 Raster copy action: Raster number
$e8002e	1.w	R23 Text screen access mask pattern
$e80481	1.b	Active Image capture/Quick clear/Raster copy control
$e82000	256.w	Graphics palette
$e82200	16.w	Text palette (Palette block 0)
$e82220	240.w	Sprite palette ('' 1-15)
$e82400	1.w	R0 (Screen mode initialization)
$e82500	1.w	R1 (Priority control)
$e82600	1.w	R2 (Special priority/screen display) - Layers On/Off
$e84000		DMAC (HD63450)
$e86000		Memory controller privileged access settings (OHM/ASA)
$e88000		MFP (MC68901)
$e8a000		RTC (RP5C15)
$e8c000		Printer port
$e8e001		#1 Contrast
$e8e003		#2 Display/3D Shutter Glasses (Bit 0=Right Eye / Bit 1 = Left Eye)
$e8e005		#3 Color image unit (bit 4-0)
$e8e007		#4 Keyboard/NMI/dot clock
$e8e009		#5 ROM/DRAM Wait
$e8e00b		#6 MPU Classification/Operation clock
$e8e00d		#7 SRAM Write
$e8e00f		#8 Unit power OFF
$E90001		FM Synthesizer (YM2151) - Register Address Write port
$E90003		FM Synthesizer (YM2151) - Data R/W port
$E92000		ADPCM (MSM6258V)
$E94000		Floppy disk controller (FDC) (uPD72065)
$E94005		Floppy drive monitor (IOSC)
$E96000		SASI
$E98000		ESCC (Z8530)
$E9A000		PPI (82C55)
$E9C000		I/O selector (IOSC)
$E9E000		I/O expansion area (Sharp reserved)
$EB0000		Sprite register (CYNTHIA)
$EB8000		Sprite VRAM
$EC0000		I/O expansion area (User)
$ed0072	2.b	SX-Window environment flag (While in use with "SX")
$ed0074	1.b	Standard double-click time / 10
$ed0075	1.b	Mouse speed / 2
$ed0076	1.b	Text palette hue (HSV)
$ed0077	1.b
$ed0078	1.b	Brightness palette 0-3 5bit???
$ed007b	1.b	Printer drive (PRTD) ID
$ed007c	1.b	SRAM info version#, screen status storage, start screen storage
$ed007d	1.b	Desktop background (PICT) ID
$ed007e	1.b	Screen mode
$ed007f	17.b	Reserved for system use (X68030)
$ed0090	1.b	Standard cache status (bit=0: off 1:on)
$ed0091	1.b	OPM music during startup (0: OFF -1: ON)
$ed0092	1.b	10MHz Proper wait value
$ed0093	1.b	16MHz ''
$ed0094	108.b	Reserved for system use
$ed0100	768.b	Head SRAM program address
$ed0400	15KB	Head SRAMDISK address
$ed3fff		End of SRAM
$ed4000		Backup (64KB)
$ee0000		Unused (128KB)
$f00000		CGROM(768KB)
$fc0000		SCSI IOCS / IPL(8KB)
$fe0000		ROM Debugger
$ff0000		IPL / ROM IOCS

Dos Calls
You can use Dos calls to do basic tasks, they are performed with dc.w $FFxx ... where xx is the command number:

Code	Shortname	Meaning	Example	Example function
$FF00	_EXIT	Program end	dc.w $FF00
$FF01	_GETCHAR	Get keyboard input (with echo)
$FF02	_PUTCHAR	Put character	move.w #'A',-(a7) dc.w $FF02	Show character 'A' to the screen
$FF03	_COMINP	RS-232C 1 byte input
$FF04	_COMOUT	RS-232C 1 byte output
$FF05	_PRNOUT	Printer 1 character output
$FF06	_INPOUT	Character I/O
$FF07	_INKEY	Get one character from the keyboard (no break check)
$FF08	_GETC	Get one character from the keyboard (with break check)
$FF09	_PRINT	Print string	pea mes dc.w $ff09 mes:dc.b 'Hello World',$0D,$0A,0	Print 0 terminated 'mes' to screen
$FF0A	_GETS	Get character string (with break check)
$FF0B	_KEYSNS	Key input state check
$FF0C	_KFLUSH	Keyboard input after buffer flush
$FF0D	_FFLUSH	Disk reset
$FF0E	_CHGDRV	Current drive setting
$FF0F	_DRVCTRL	Drive status check/setting
$FF10	_CONSNS	Screen output check
$FF11	_PRNSNS	Printer output check
$FF12	_CINSNS	RS-232C input check
$FF13	_COUTSNS	RS-232C output check
$FF17	_FATCHK	File concatenation state check
$FF18	_HENDSP	Kanji conversion control
$FF19	_CURDRV	Get current drive
$FF1A	_GETSS	Get character string (no break check)
$FF1B	_FGETC	Get character from file
$FF1C	_FGETS	Get string from file
$FF1D	_FPUTC	Write one character to file
$FF1E	_FPUTS	Write string to file
$FF1F	_ALLCLOSE	Close all files
$FF20	_SUPER	Supervisor/user mode setting	clr.l d0 ;0=Enable Supervisor mode move.l d0,-(sp) dc.w $FF20 ;Switch Mode	0=Super Mode !=0 User mode with new SP
$FF21	_FNCKEY	Get/set redefinable key
$FF22	_KNJCTRL	Kana-to-kanji conversion
$FF23	_CONCTRL	Console control/direct output	move.w #1,d2 move.w d2,-(sp) move.w #2,d2 move.w d2,-(sp) dc.w $ff23	Set console color to #1
			move.w #6,d2 ;Y move.w d2,-(sp) move.w #5,d2 ;X move.w d2,-(sp) move.w #3,d2 move.w d2,-(sp) dc.w $ff23	Set Cursor XY pos to 5,6
			move.w #$12,-(a7) dc.w $FF23	Cursor Off
			move.w #$03,-(a7) move.w #$0E,-(a7) dc.w $FF23	Function key display off
$FF24	_KEYCTRL	Console state check/direct input
$FF25	_INTVCS	Set vector processing address
$FF26	_PSPSET	Create process management pointer
$FF27	_GETTIM2	Get time (longword)
$FF28	_SETTIM2	Set time (longword)
$FF29	_NAMESTS	Filename expansion
$FF2A	_GETDATE	Get date
$FF2B	_SETDATE	Set date
$FF2C	_GETTIME	Get time
$FF2D	_SETTIME	Set time
$FF2E	_VERIFY	Set verify flag
$FF2F	_DUP0	Force file handle copy
$FF30	_VERNUM	Get OS version
$FF31	_KEEPPR	Terminate and stay resident
$FF32	_GETDPB	Get drive parameter block
$FF33	_BREAKCK	Set break check
$FF34	_DRVXCHG	Replace drive
$FF35	_INTVCG	Get vector processing address
$FF36	_DSKFRE	Get disk space remaining
$FF37	_NAMECK	Filename expansion
$FF39	_MKDIR	Create subdirectory
$FF3A	_RMDIR	Remove subdirectory
$FF3B	_CHDIR	Change current directory
$FF3C	_CREATE	Create file
$FF3D	_OPEN	Open file
$FF3E	_CLOSE	Close file
$FF3F	_READ	Read file
$FF40	_WRITE	Write file
$FF41	_DELETE	Delete file
$FF42	_SEEK	Seek file
$FF43	_CHMOD	Set/get file modes
$FF44	_IOCTRL	Device driver ioctrl direct I/O
$FF45	_DUP	Copy file handle
$FF46	_DUP2	Force copy file handle
$FF47	_CURDIR	Get current directory
$FF48	_MALLOC	Allocate memory
$FF49	_MFREE	Free memory
$FF4A	_SETBLOCK	Change memory block
$FF4B	_EXEC	Load/execute program
$FF4C	_EXIT2	Exit with return code	move.w #1,-(sp) dc.w $FF4C
$FF4D	_WAIT	Get process end return code
$FF4E	_FILES	Search files
$FF4F	_NFILES	Search next files
$FF80	_SETPDB	Change process information
$FF81	_GETPDB	Get process information
$FF82	_SETENV	Set environment variable
$FF83	_GETENV	Get environment variable
$FF84	_VERIFYG	Get verify flag
$FF85	_COMMON	COMMON area control
$FF86	_RENAME	Rename/move file
$FF87	_FILEDATE	Get/set file date
$FF88	_MALLOC2	Alloc memory
$FF8A	_MAKETMP	Create temporary file
$FF8B	_NEWFILE	Create new file
$FF8C	_LOCK	Lock file
$FF8F	_ASSIGN	Get/set/cancel virtual drive/directory assignment
$FFAA	FFLUSH	Set FFLUSH mode (undocumented)
$FFAB	_OS_PATCH	Hook OS internal function (undocumented)
$FFAC	_GETFCB	Get FCB pointer (undocumented)
$FFAD	_S_MALLOC	Alloc memory using main memory management
$FFAE	_S_MFREE	Free memory using main memory management
$FFAF	_S_PROCESS	Sub memory management setting
$FFF0	_EXITVC	(program end execution address)
$FFF1	_CTRLVC	(CTRL+C execution address at abort)
$FFF2	_ERRJVC	(Error abort execution address)
$FFF3	_DISKRED	Block device direct input
$FFF4	_DISKWRT	Block device direct output
$FFF5	_INDOSFLG	Get OS work pointer
$FFF6	_SUPER_JSR	Supervisor subroutine call
$FFF7	_BUS_ERR	Check for bus error
$FFF8	_OPEN_PR	Register background task
$FFF9	_KILL_PR	Remove background task
$FFFA	_GET_PR	Get thread management information
$FFFB	_SUSPEND_PR	Force thread to sleep
$FFFC	_SLEEP_PR	Sleep thread
$FFFD	_SEND_PR	Transmit thread command/data
$FFFE	_TIME_PR	Get timer counter value
$FFFF	_CHANGE_PR	Yield execution time

Human68k

Human68k is generally DOS like, however while it is based around 8.3 filenames, the files can be 18.3 - but please note, the extra 10 letters are not 'really counted' the first 8 must make the filename unique!
Human68k also supports lowercase files... but your disks will no longer be compatible with MS-DOS

Most commands like CD, DIR and EXIT work the same as normal DOS, but many do not, and some work differently ... here are a few commands beyond the basics you may want to remember...

Command	Meaning
CUSTOM	Reconfigure config.sys and autoexec.bat
DISKCOPY A: B:	Copy Disk A to B
DUMP file.name	Dump file.name as Hex/Ascii
FORMAT B:	erase Disk B
SWITCH	change bios settings (including installed memory)
TYPE file.txt	Type the contents of file.txt to the command line
ED file.txt	Edit file.txxt (see above section for usage)

Interrupts and Vblank

Vblank and many other interrupts are generated by the MFT.

The interrupts can be enabled with $E88007/9, however they are also 'masked' with $E88013/5 (a bit 1 in both enables an interrupt!)

Address	Function	Bits	Details
$e88001	MFP:GPIP Data	HI-VFPSA	A=rtc Alarm S=Slot �expwon� command P=power switch F=Fm irq V=Vblank I=video Irq H=hblank
$e88003	MFP:Active Edge Reg	HI-VFPSA	A=rtc Alarm S=Slot �expwon� command P=power switch F=Fm irq V=Vblank I=video Irq H=hblank
$e88005	MFP:GPIP port	IIIIIIII	IO Select
$e88007	MFP:Interrupt control A	76AFRETB	7=Gpip7 6=Gpip6 A=Timer A F=recieve buffer Full R=Recieve error E=send buffer Empty T=transmit error B=timer B
$e88009	MFP:Interrupt control B	54CD3210	5=gpip 5 4=gpip4 C=timer C D=timer D 3=gpip3 2=gpip2 1=gpip1 0=gpip 0
$e8800B	MFP:Interrupt Pending A	76AFRETB	7=Gpip7 6=Gpip6 A=Timer A F=recieve buffer Full R=Recieve error E=send buffer Empty T=transmit error B=timer B
$e8800D	MFP:Interrupt Pending B	54CD3210	5=gpip 5 4=gpip4 C=timer C D=timer D 3=gpip3 2=gpip2 1=gpip1 0=gpip 0
$e8800F	MFP:Interrupt In service A	76AFRETB	7=Gpip7 6=Gpip6 A=Timer A F=recieve buffer Full R=Recieve error E=send buffer Empty T=transmit error B=timer B
$e88011	MFP:Interrupt In service B	54CD3210	5=gpip 5 4=gpip4 C=timer C D=timer D 3=gpip3 2=gpip2 1=gpip1 0=gpip 0
$e88013	MFP:Interrupt Mask A	76AFRETB	7=Gpip7 6=Gpip6 A=Timer A F=recieve buffer Full R=Recieve error E=send buffer Empty T=transmit error B=timer B
$e88015	MFP:Interrupt Mask B	54CD3210	5=gpip 5 4=gpip4 C=timer C D=timer D 3=gpip3 2=gpip2 1=gpip1 0=gpip 0
$e88017	MFP:Interrupt Vector register	VVVVA---	V= Channel 0-16 handled automatically by MFP, A=All interrupts on (ISRA/B on)
$e88019	MFP:Timer A control register	000T1000	T=Reset signal 1000=Timer A event count mode
$e8801B	MFP:Timer B control register	000T1000	T=Reset signal 1000=Timer B event count mode
$e8801D	MFP:Timer CD control register	0CCC0DDD	C=Timer C Delay mode / D=Timer D Delay mode
$e8801F	MFP:Timer A Data Register
$e88021	MFP:Timer B Data Register
$e88023	MFP:Timer C Data Register
$e88025	MFP:Timer D Data Register
$e88029	MFP:USART Keyboard signal	10000100D	D=
$e8802B	MFP:Transmission Status (Send)	?
$e8802D	MFP:Transmission Status (Recieve)

Interrupt 6 - Gpip4 is the Vblank (referred to as V-Disp) controlled by bit 7 of $E88009 and $E88015 - This causes an execution of vector $46 at address $000118

The default vector base for the interrupts is vector $40 at address $000100 - this can be changed with the top 4 bits of $e88017

Address	Function	Bits
$000100	$40	UserInterrupt: MFP RTC Alarm/1Hz
$000104	$41	UserInterrupt: MFP External power OFF
$000118	$42	UserInterrupt: MFP Front switch OFF
$00010c	$43	UserInterrupt: MFP FM Audio source
$000110	$44	UserInterrupt: MFP Timer-D (Used with BG processing)
$000114	$45	UserInterrupt: MFP Timer-C (Mouse/cursor/FDD control, etc.)
$000118	$46	UserInterrupt: MFP V-DISP1(Vblank / GPIP4)
$00011c	$47	UserInterrupt: MFP RTC Clock
$000120	$48	UserInterrupt: MFP Timer-B
$000124	$49	UserInterrupt: MFP Key serial output error
$000128	$4a	UserInterrupt: MFP Key serial output empty
$00012c	$4b	UserInterrupt: MFP Key serial input error
$000130	$4c	UserInterrupt: MFP Key serial input
$000134	$4d	UserInterrupt: MFP Timer-A
$000138	$4e	UserInterrupt: MFP CRTC*IRQ
$00013c	$4f	UserInterrupt: MFP H-SYNC
$000140	$50	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) Transmission buffer empty
$000144	$51	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) ''
$000148	$52	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) External/status changes
$00014c	$53	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) ''
$000150	$54	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) Incoming character validity (Mouse 1 byte input)
$000154	$55	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) ''
$000158	$56	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) Special Rx condition
$00015c	$57	UserInterrupt: SCC(B) ''
$000160	$58	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) Transmission buffer empty
$000164	$59	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) ''
$000168	$5a	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) External status changes
$00016c	$5b	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) ''
$000170	$5c	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) Incoming character validity (RS-232C 1 byte input)
$000174	$5d	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) ''
$000178	$5e	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) Special Rx Condition
$00017c	$5f	UserInterrupt: SCC(A) ''
$000180	$60	UserInterrupt: I/O FDC status interruption
$000184	$61	UserInterrupt: I/O FDC insertion/discharge interruption
$000188	$62	UserInterrupt: I/O HDC status interruption
$00018c	$63	UserInterrupt: I/O Printer ready interruption
$000190	$64	UserInterrupt: DMAC #0 End (FDD)
$000194	$65	UserInterrupt: DMAC #0 Error ('')
$000198	$66	UserInterrupt: DMAC #1 End (SASI)
$00019c	$67	UserInterrupt: DMAC #1 Error ('')
$0001a0	$68	UserInterrupt: DMAC #2 End (IOCS _DMAMOVE,_DMAMOV_A,_DMAMOV_L)
$0001a4	$69	UserInterrupt: DMAC #2 Error ('')
$0001a8	$6a	UserInterrupt: DMAC #3 End (ADPCM)
$0001ac	$6b	UserInterrupt: DMAC #3 Error ('')
$000200	$6c	UserInterrupt: SPC SCSI interruption (Internal SCSI)
$000204	$6d	UserInterrupt: Unused
$0003d4	$f5	UserInterrupt: Unused
$0003d8	$f6	UserInterrupt: SPC SCSI interruption (SCSI board)
$0003dc	$f7	UserInterrupt: Unused
$0003fc	$ff	UserInterrupt: Unused

The Xfile format

Executable files on the X68000 are in 'Xfile' format...

Vasm's linker cannot make this file, so we'll hhave to build it ourselves, fortunately it's easy to create a simple xfile

we just need to add 64 bytes to the start of our program code, &4855 ("HU" in ascii) at byte &00 and a 32 bit length in BIG ENDIAN at byte 12

it sounds strage, but our code is considered the 'Text segment'... we don't really need the other segments for our hello world type example.

The Data segment follows the code in the text segment, it's start is denoted by the '.data' command in our asm code

After our 'Data Segment' there is a 'Relocation Table'... because we don't know where our program will end up in memory, if we try to load the address of part of the data we have, we don't know where it will be...

If we use LEA (Load effective address) then we will get the correct address, however if we do not use this command, then the address our command uses will need to be corrected by the operating system, and this is what the Address relocation table does... it stores all the addresses of the code that need to be fixed with the correct address of the data as it appears after the xfile is loaded

The Symbol table is our debugging infomation, it stores the addresses of the labels in our code - we don't need it if we just want to run a program

the latest builds of VASM (since 1.8e) can output directly to XFIle with the -Fxfile switch

addr	bytes	value	notes
$000000	2	$4855	Xfile id
$000002	2	$0000	Reserved area
$000004	4	Base Addr	Linker's Base address
$000008	4	Start addr	Start address from Base addr
$00000C	4	Text size	Text segment size
$000010	4	Data Size	Data segment size
$000014	4	Heap Size	BSS+Stack
$000018	4	RelocTblSz	Address Relocation Table size
$00001C	4	SymbTblSz	Symbol table size
$000020	32	$00	Reserved area
$000040	TextSz		Text Segment
Offset1	DataSz		Data Segment
Offset2	RelocTblSz		Address Relocation Table
Offset3	SymbTblSz		Symbol Table

Offset1=$40+TextSz
Offset2=Offset1+DataSz
Offset3=Offset2+RelocTblSz

The Xfile format - broken down

We're going to use the official x68000 assembler (on an emulator) to compile an ASM file, and see the result in the binary Xfile... The example to the right doesn't really do anything, it's just got some different contents, which should be easy to see in the resulting output. There is a code (text) segment, a data segment, and some symbols We'll compile it with AS, and look what happens!
The Assembler will produce this output if we use the -p option to output the listing... we've also included -d to tell it to output the symbols to the binary file.
Once we've used LK to convert the object file to a X file, we can see the result. The binary file is shown to the right, we can see the following sections... The Header is at the start of the file The Code (text) segment - it's size can be seen in the header The Data segment - it's size is also in the header The Symbol table - it's size is also in the header. The Relocation table has the addresses of code which needs it's addresses altering - it's size is also in the header

Supervisor mode and XM6

On WinX68kHighSpeed we can access hardware registers in USER mode, but emulator XM6 is more strict.

We will need to enter 'Supervisor mode'... we do this with DOSCALL function _SUPER ($FF20)...

Thanks to viewer 'Mugsy' for this info

The Symbol table

The symbol table is made up of a series of entries in the format shown below.

Address	Bytes	Function
$00	2	Type (see table to right)
$02	4	value
$06	??	Zero Terminated String (rounded to even byte)

Type	Format of symbol
$0003	common rcommon rlcommon
$0200	absolute rdata rbss rstack rldata rlbss rlstack
$0201	text
$0202	data
$0203	bss
$0204	stack

Using the Sharp/Hudson x68k assembler
The X68000's assembler is pretty easy to use, in fact it may be easier than the PC ones! to compile prog.asm we just type:
    AS prog.asm
    LK prog.o
This will output an file prog.x ... which you can run from the command line

A more advanced use of AS is:
    AS -p prog.lst -d prog.asm

-p file.name will save the listing to a text file

-d will include debugging symbols in the output

You can get the assembler here

Using ED.X - the x68k text editor

You may wish to do your assembly programming on the x68 itself, but even if you don't you may need to edit batch files and settings files on your x68 emulator.

Fortunately, the x68 has a built in editor called ED.X - it's pretty easy to use, but you'll need to know the basic keypresses to save and load your work. the most useful keypresses are show to the right.

A full translated copy of the Edit help is shown below

Keypress	Command
ESC-E	Save All files and Exit
ESC-T	Rename file
ESC-X	Save and exit
ESC-Q	Don't save and Quit
ESC-O	Reset to last save

ED.HLP translated contents


	ＣＴＲＬキー機能一覧	CTRL Key Command List
CTRL+A	カーソルを１語後方（←）に移動	Move the cursor to one word (←)
CTRL+B	カーソルを行の左端（または右端）に移動	Move the cursor to the left end (or right end) of the line
CTRL+C	画面をロールアップ	Roll up the screen
CTRL+D	カーソルを１文字右に移動	Move the cursor to the right
CTRL+E	カーソルを１行上に移動	Move the cursor to one line
CTRL+F	カーソルを１語前方（→）に移動	Move the cursor to one word (→)
CTRL+G	１文字削除	Remove one letter
CTRL+H	バックスペース	Backspace
CTRL+I	水平タブ	Horizontal tab
CTRL+J	ヘルプ画面の表示	Help screen display
CTRL+K	カーソル位置から行末までの削除	Remove from cursor position to end
CTRL+L	削除文字列バッファの内容を挿入	Insert the contents of the delete string buffer
CTRL+M	改行と行分割（行分割はインサート状態の時のみ）	Line breaks and row division (line division only when insert state)
CTRL+N	カーソル行の上に１行挿入	1 line inserted on the cursor line
CTRL+O	挿入ＯＮ／ＯＦＦ	Insertion ON / OFF
CTRL+P	カーソルを右端に移動	Move the cursor to the right edge
CTRL+Q	カーソルを左端に移動	Move the cursor to the left
CTRL+R	画面をロールダウン	Roll down the screen
CTRL+S	カーソルを１文字左に移動	Move the cursor to the left one character
CTRL+T	１語削除	1 word delete
CTRL+U	行頭からカーソルの直前までを削除	Remove from the beginning to just before the cursor
CTRL+V	コントロールコードの入力	Control code input
CTRL+W	画面を１行分ロールダウン	Roll down one line of screen
CTRL+X	カーソルを１行下に移動	Move the cursor down one row
CTRL+Y	１行削除 ---->削除文字列バッファへ移動	1 row delete ---> Move to delete string buffer
CTRL+Z	画面を１行分ロールアップ	Roll up one line of screen
CTRL+[	ＥＳＣコマンド	ESC command
CTRL+\	カレントワード後方検索	Current word after retrieval search
CTRL+]	大文字・小文字変換	Uppercase and lower case conversion
CTRL+^	カレントワード前方検索	Current word forward search
CTRL+_	ファイル終端記号	File termination symbol

	ＥＳＣコマンド一覧	ESC Command List
(ESC+@)	キーボードマクロの定義	Keyboard macro definition
(ESC+A)	ファィルの切り替え(昇順)	File switching (ascending order)
(ESC+B)	ファィルの先頭	First of the File
(ESC+C)	子プロセスの実行	Run child process
(ESC+D)	ファィルの切り替え(降順)	File switching (descending order)
(ESC+E)	編集中の全部のテキストをセーブしエディタを終了する	Save all text while editing and exit the editor
(ESC+F)	新しいファイルの編集	Edit new file
(ESC+nG)	カットバッッファの内容をカーソル位置にn回複写	N times in the cursor position of the contents of the cut buffer
(ESC+H)	現在の編集テキストをセーブする。編集は継続	Save the current edit text. Edit continues
(ESC+I)	タブ文字の表示／非表示	View / Hide Tab Characters
(ESC+J)	文字列の連続置換(前方) 確認あり	Continuous replacement of strings (forward) confirmation
(ESC+K)	現在の編集テキストをセーブせずに編集を終了する	End editing without saving the current edit text
(ESC+L)	文字列の連続置換(後方) 確認あり	Continuous replacement of strings (rear) confirmation
(ESC+M)	改行文字の表示／非表示	Show / hide newline characters
(ESC+N)	前方検索	Forward search
(ESC+O)	現在の編集テキストの編集を最初からやり直す	Return the editing of the current edit text from the beginning
(ESC+nP)	カーソル位置からn行カットバッファに移動	Move from cursor position to n line cut buffer
(ESC+Q)	テキストをセーブせずに強制的にエディタを終了する	Forced to end the editor without saving the text
(ESC+R)	文字列の連続置換(前方) 確認なし	Continuous replacement of strings (forward) without confirmation
(ESC+S)	後方検索	Rear search
(ESC+T)	現在の編集テキストのファィル名を変更する	Change File Name of Current Edit Text
(ESC+U)	文字列の連続置換(後方) 確認なし	Continuous replacement of strings (rear) no confirmation
(ESC+V)	タグジャンプ	Tag jump
(ESC+W)	ファィルの書き出し	File export
(ESC+X)	現テキストのセーブと編集の終了	Current text save and edit end
(ESC+Y)	ファィルの読み込み	File loading
(ESC+Z)	ファィル最終行	File last line
(ESC+[)	カレント前方置換(確認なし)	Current front substitution (no confirmation)
(ESC+\)	カレント後方置換(確認なし)	Current rear replacement (without confirmation)
(ESC+])	大文字/小文字変換	Uppercase / lower case conversion
(ESC+^)	前方置換(表示なし)	Forward replacement (without display)
(ESC+_)	後方置換(表示なし)	Backward replacement (without display)
(ESC+NUM)	指定行番号へのジャンプ	Jump to the specified number

	ファンクションキー機能一覧	Function key function list
F-1	ファィルの先頭	First of the File
F-2	ファィル最終行	File last line
F-3	文字列の連続置換（確認なし）(前方)	Continuous replacement of strings (no confirmation) (forward)
F-4	文字列の前方↓検索	Predemary of strings ↓ search
F-5	カレント検索文字列の前方↓検索	Foreign front of the current search string
F-6	行単位でのテキストの選択操作を開始(範囲)	Starting the text selection operation in row units (range)
F-7	選択したテキストをカットバッファへ移動する	Move the selected text to the cut buffer
F-8	選択したテキストをカットバッファへ複写する	Copy the selected text to the cut buffer
F-9	行カットバッファの内容をカーソル行の上に挿入	Insert the contents of the row cut buffer onto the cursor line
F-10	行の二重化	F-9 Insert the contents of the line cut buffer onto the cursor line
SHIFT F-1	新編集	New edit
SHIFT F-2	再編集	re-edit
SHIFT F-3	文字列の連続置換（確認なし）(後方)	Continuous replacement of strings (without confirmation) (backward)
SHIFT F-4	文字列の後方↑検索	Backward search for strings
SHIFT F-5	カレント検索文字列の後方↑検索	Backward ↑ search for the current search string
SHIFT F-6	ファィルの切り替え(昇順)	File switching (ascending order)
SHIFT F-7	ファィルの切り替え(降順)	File switching (descending order)
SHIFT F-8	ファィルの読み込み	File loading
SHIFT F-9	ファィルの書き出し	File export
SHIFT F-10	子プロセスの実行	Run child process

	単一キー機能一覧	Single key function list
ROLLUP	画面をロールアップ	Roll up the screen
ROLLDWN	画面をロールダウン	Roll down the screen
CR	改行と行分割（行分割はインサート状態の時のみ）	Line breaks and row division (line division only when insert state)
TAB	水平タブ	Horizontal tab
BS	バックスペース	Backspace
INS	挿入MODE ON /OFF	Insertion MODE ON / OFF
DEL	１文字削除	Remove one letter
CLR	ファィル終了記号の表示	Display File End Sign
HELP	ヘルプ画面の表示	Help screen display
HOME	ホーム位置に移動	Move to home position
LEFT	カーソルを左に移動	Move the cursor to the left
RIGHT	カーソルを右に移動	Move the cursor to the right
UP	カーソルを上に移動	Move the cursor up
DOWN	カーソルを下に移動	Move the cursor down
ESC	ＥＳＣコマンド	ESC command
UNDO	キーボードマクロの実行	Running a keyboard macro

	起動時のオプション	Startup option
-A	ヘルプファイルのパス指定	Help file path specification
-A	デフォルトは ed.x のあるパス	The default is the path with ed.x
-B	テキストの終わりを物理的なデータの終わりで認識	Recognize the end of the text at the end of physical data
-B	することを指定する	Specify that
	デフォルトはテキストファイルの終わりを EOF(&H1A)	The default is EOF (& H1A) the end of the text file
	コードで認識します	Recognize in code
-E	ファィル終了記号の表示を指定します	Specifies the display of the file end symbol
-H	水平タブの最大表示幅を指定します ( 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 )	Specifies the maximum display width of the horizontal tab (2/4/6 / 8)
-L	改行文字の表示を指定します	Specify the display of newline characters
-L	デフォルトは表示しません	Default does not display
-M	一行の長さを指定します	Specify a line length
-M	(128/256/512/1024 BYTES)	(128/256/512/1024 bytes)
-S	画面サイズを指定します	Specify the screen size
-S	1 96(XPOS)*30	1 96 (XPOS) * 30
	2 64(XPOS)*30	2 64 (XPOS) * 30
-T	タブ文字の表示を指定します	Specify the display of tab characters

X68000 Links!
Replacing an x68000 powersupply - The power supply breaks a lot, but can easilly be replaced with a PC Pico-ATX psu!
Connecting a HxC to the x68000 - Note, while this somewhat works, there are problems due to the extra control lines not being connected
External floppy pinout - I used this to connect my HxC to my x68000 and create disks from images
Connecting SCSI2SD to the x68000 - a cheap SD emulator for the SCSI/SASI hard drive

View Options

Default Dark

Simple (Hide this menu)

Print Mode (white background)

Top Menu

***Main Menu***

Youtube channel

Patreon

Introduction to Assembly (Basics for absolute beginners)

Amazon Affiliate Link

AkuSprite Editor

ChibiTracker