Z80 Assembly programming for the Amstrad CPC

The CPC was the 8 bit I grew up with... while slower in some ways than the C64, it had far superior graphical capabilities to the ZX Spectrum, and usually beats the MSX for graphical speed because of it's smaller screen footprint (16k on the CPC to 24k on the MSX) and its CRTC graphics chip is favoured by the modern clever demo authors...

While the budget tape-based 464 machine had 64k, the disk system - the 6128 - has 128k and a disk system... and after market upgrades can give the machine up to 576k

There were two major generations of the CPC, the regular version, and the version released in the 90... the CPC+, which has has hardware sprites, enhanced color

	CPC	CPC+
Cpu	3.5mhz Z80	3.5mhz Z80
Ram	64k+	64k+
Vram	16k	128k
Resolution 4-color	320x200	256x212
Resolution 16-color	160x200
Hardware Sprites	none	16 x 16x16 @ 16 color
Sound chip	AY	AY
Cartridge Rom	none	512k
Joystick	UDLR + 3 fire	UDLR + 2 fire

ChibiAkumas Tutorials:

	Lesson H1 - Hello World on the CPC
	Lesson S1 - Easy Sprites on the CPC
	Lesson S11 - Joystick Reading on the Amstrad CPC
	Lesson P1 - Basic Firmware Text functions
	Lesson P2 - More Text Functions, Improvements... and the Sam Coupe!
	Lesson P3 - Bitmap graphics on the Amstrad CPC and Enterprise 128
	Lesson P6 - Keyreading on the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Sam Coupe
	Lesson P13 - Palette definitions on the Amstrad CPC and CPC+
	Lesson P18 - Making Sound with the AY on the Amstrad CPC, MSX,ZX Spectrum.... and NeoGeo + Atari ST!!
	Lesson P24 - Bankswitching and hardware detection on the Amstrad CPC
	Lesson P32 - Hardware Sprites on the CPC+
	Lesson P35 - Playing Digital Sound with WAV on the AY!
	Lesson P36 - Playing Digital Sound with WAV on the CPC+ via DMA!
	Lesson P39 - Setting the CPC screen with CRTC registers
	Lesson P40 - Syncronized mode switches for 320x200 @ 16 color EGX graphics on the Amstrad CPC
	Lesson P41 - CRTC Rupture for Interrupt based splitscreen on the CPC
	Lesson P42 - Advanced CRTC Rupture

AY Sound Chip:

Register	Meaning	Bit Meaning	Details
0	Tone Pitch L - Channel A	LLLLLLLL	Lower value = Higher pitch
1	Tone Pitch H - Channel A	----HHHH	Lower value = Higher pitch
2	Tone Pitch L - Channel B	LLLLLLLL	Lower value = Higher pitch
3	Tone Pitch H - Channel B	----HHHH	Lower value = Higher pitch
4	Tone Pitch L - Channel C	LLLLLLLL	Lower value = Higher pitch
5	Tone Pitch H - Channel C	----HHHH	Lower value = Higher pitch
6	Noise Generator	---NNNNN	Higer = Faster noise
7	Mixer	--NNNTTT	N=Noise T=Tone (Channel --CBACBA 1=mute 0=normal)
8	Amplitude - Channel A	---EVVVV	E=Envelope (1=Enabled) VVVV=Volume
9	Amplitude - Channel B	---EVVVV	E=Envelope (1=Enabled) VVVV=Volume
10	Amplitude - Channel C	---EVVVV	E=Envelope (1=Enabled) VVVV=Volume
11	Envelope L (Volume over time)	LLLLLLLL	Lower=Faster Envelope
12	Envelope H (Volume over time)	HHHHHHHH	Lower=Faster Envelope
13	Envelope Selection	----EEEE	Envelope number (See PDF)

For more details, please see the AY sound chip PDF

Gate Array:
The Gate array is at port &7Fxx... It has multiple purposes depending on the top two bits passed in the C byte

7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0	Name	Bit meanings
0	0	-	B	P	P	P	P	Pen Selection	B=Border P=Pen (0-3 / 0-15)
0	1	-	C	C	C	C	C	Palette color selection	C= Color number (0-26)
1	0	-	I	H	L	M	M	Rom / Mode	I= Interrupt mode H=High rom bank L=Low rom bank M=screen mode
1	1	B	B	B	R	R	R	Ram Bank	R = Ram config B= Bank number (0=128k 1+2=256k etc)

CRTC
The CRTC registers are selected with &BCxx (where xx is the register number)... and set with &BDxx (where xx is the new value

Hight Byte Value	F	E	D	C	B	A	9	8	Name
&BC	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	Register Select
&BD	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	Register Write

CRTC - Registers
CRTC registers will configure the Logical screen we draw on, and the physical screen shown by the Analog monitor...
You'll want to leave many of the settings alone, as they'll just result in a corrupt screen you can't view!

Reg Num	Name	Range	Bits	Default Value	Speccy 256x192	Overscaln 384x272(26k)	Details
&00	Horizontal Total	0-255	DDDDDDDD	63	63	63	Physical width of screen – Leave alone!
&01	Horizontal Displayed	0-255	DDDDDDDD	40	32	48	Logical width in Chars (8 pixels in mode 1)
&02	Horizontal Sync Position	0-255	DDDDDDDD	46	42	51	Logical Xpos
&03	Horizontal and Vertical Sync Widths	0-15,0-15	VVVVHHHH	142	134	142	Physical width of screen – Leave alone!
&04	Vertical Total	0-127	-DDDDDDD	38	38	38	Physical height of screen – Leave alone!
&05	Vertical Total Adjust	0-31	---DDDDD	0	0	0	Scanline Offset
&06	Vertical Displayed	0-127	-DDDDDDD	25	24	34	Logical Height in Chars (8 Pixels)
&07	Vertical Sync position	0-127	-DDDDDDD	30	31	35	Logical Ypos of screen
&08	Interlace and Skew	0-3	------DD	0	0	0	0/2=off 1/3=on – Leave alone!
&09	Maximum Raster Address	0-31	---DDDDD	7	7	7	Max Raster Address – Leave alone!
&0A	Cursor Start Raster	0-127	-DDDDDDD	0	0	0
&0B	Cursor End Raster	0-31	---DDDDD	0	0	0
&0C	Display Start Address (H)	0-63	xxPPSSOO	00 / 16 / 32 / 48	00 / 16 / 32 / 48	12+1 / 28 / 44+1 / 60	PP=Screen Page (11=C000) S=Size(11=32k else 16k) O=Offset
&0D	Display Start Address (L)	0-255	OOOOOOOO	0	0	0	O=Offset
&0E	Cursor Address (H)	0-63	c--DDDDDD	0	0	0
&0F	Cursor Address (L)	0-255	DDDDDDDD	0	0	0
&10	Light Pen Address (H)	0-63	--DDDDDD	0	0	0	Read Only
&11	Light Pen Address (L)	0-255	DDDDDDDD	0	0	0	Read Only

CPC Plus hardware sprites!
The Amstrad CPC has 16 hardware sprites... each is 16x16

CPC+ sprites have a separate 16 colors to the normal palette, also they are always 16 color, even in mode 1!
CPC+ Sprite colors (-GRB) are defined by the range &6422-&643F

Sprite Number	DataAddr (256bytes)	Xpos (2bytes)	Ypos (2bytes)	Resolution (1byte)
1	&4000	&6000	&6002	&6004
2	&4100	&6008	&600A	&600C
3	&4200	&6010	&6012	&6014
4	&4300	&6018	&601A	&601C
5	&4400	&6020	&6022	&6024
6	&4500	&6028	&602A	&602C
7	&4600	&6030	&6032	&6034
8	&4700	&6038	&603A	&603C
9	&4800	&6040	&6042	&6044
10	&4900	&6048	&604A	&604C
11	&4A00	&6050	&6052	&6054
12	&4B00	&6058	&605A	&605C
13	&4C00	&6060	&6062	&6064
14	&4D00	&6068	&606A	&606C
15	&4E00	&6070	&6072	&6074
16	&4F00	&6078	&607A	&607C

DataAddr is the pointer to the sprite data... note only 4 bits of each byte are used (----CCCC).... so 16x16=256 bytes

Xpos is 2 bytes, in little endian format... screen co-ordinates are based on mode 2 - so xpos should be between -64 to +639 (0 is leftmost visible pixel)
Ypos is 2 bytes, in little endian format... Ypos should be between -64 to +200 (0 is topmost visible pixel)

Resolution is defined by a single byte:
PP
Each (X,Y) size can be 0-3... 0 will mean the sprite isn't shown, 1,2,3 are magnifications 1,2 and 4.... however please note, these are relative to Mode 2... so 'square' pixels are defined by %00001001 = 9
This is why You'll see in ChibiAkumas, sprites are set to 'on' with a value of 9, or 'off' with a value of 0